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An eye-opening, groundbreaking tour of the purpose of work in our lives, showing how work operates in our culture and how you can find your own path to happiness in the workplace.
Why do we work? The question seems so simple. But Professor Barry Schwartz proves that the answer is surprising, complex, and urgent.
We’ve long been taught that the reason we work is primarily for a paycheck. In fact, we’ve shaped much of the infrastructure of our society to accommodate this belief. Then why are so many people dissatisfied with their work, despite healthy compensation? And why do so many people find immense fulfillment and satisfaction through “menial” jobs? Schwartz explores why so many believe that the goal for working should be to earn money, how we arrived to believe that paying workers more leads to better work, and why this has made our society confused, unhappy, and has established a dangerously misguided system.
Through fascinating studies and compelling anecdotes, this book dispels this myth. Schwartz takes us through hospitals and hair salons, auto plants and boardrooms, showing workers in all walks of life, showcasing the trends and patterns that lead to happiness in the workplace. Ultimately, Schwartz proves that the root of what drives us to do good work can rarely be incentivized, and that the cause of bad work is often an attempt to do just that.
How did we get to this tangled place? How do we change the way we work? With great insight and wisdom, Schwartz shows us how to take our first steps toward understanding, and empowering us all to find great work.
- Sales Rank: #120135 in Books
- Published on: 2015-09-01
- Released on: 2015-09-01
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 7.00" h x .60" w x 5.00" l, .0 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 112 pages
Review
"Barry Schwartz has long been one of the most astute — and compassionate — observers of American life. In Why We Work, he makes a compelling case for building organizations that run with the grain of human nature rather than against it. If you want to make work more meaningful, for yourself or for your team, you need to read this wise and powerful book.” (Daniel H. Pink, author of Drive)
"In a masterful book that delivers a deep understanding why we work, Schwartz makes a convincing case that getting the answer wrong bears profound costs for employees and managers in any organization. A highly recommended, thought-provoking read.” (Amy Wrsesniewski, Professor of Organizational Behavior, Yale University)
“A meaningful look at why we’ve lost meaning at work, and where we can find it.” (Adam Grant, Wharton professor and New York Times bestselling author of Give and Take)
“A delightful, accessible book that glides across centuries of business and industry to reveal the underpinning moral foundations of how and why we work. If you have a job, or hope to have one, read Why We Work” (Laszlo Bock, Senior Vice President of People Operations at Google and author of Work Rules!)
“Invoking plenty of Adam Smith, Karl Marx, John Maynard Keynes, and even a bit of Bruce Springsteen, Schwartz’s inspiring manifesto forces us to question the very nature of modern-day work… Via fascinating anecdote and plenty of data, the book forcefully claims that how we work isn’t working.” (HuffPost Books)
“A concise 90-page treatise on work that should be required reading for every boss and manager.” (Chicago Tribune)
“A terse and engaging book…[a] fine book.” (Forbes.com)
About the Author
Barry Schwartz is a professor of psychology at Swarthmore College and the author of Why We Work, The Paradox of Choice, and Practical Wisdom. His articles have been published in The New York Times, The New York Times Magazine, the Chronicle of Higher Education, Parade Magazine, USA TODAY, Advertising Age, Slate, Scientific American, The New Republic, Harvard Business Review, and The Guardian, and he has appeared on dozens of radio shows, including Morning Edition, Talk of the Nation, Anderson Cooper 360, and CBS Sunday Morning.
Excerpt. � Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.
Why We Work INTRODUCTION The Crucial Question
Why do we work? Why do we drag ourselves out of bed every morning instead of living lives composed of one pleasure-filled adventure after another? What a silly question. We work because we have to make a living. Sure, but is that it? Of course not. When you ask people who are fulfilled by their work why they do the work they do, money almost never comes up. The list of nonmonetary reasons people give for doing their work is long and compelling.
Satisfied workers are engaged by their work. They lose themselves in it. Not all the time, of course, but often enough for that to be salient to them. Satisfied workers are challenged by their work. It forces them to stretch themselves—to go outside their comfort zones. These lucky people think the work they do is fun, often in the way that doing crossword puzzles or Sudoku is fun.
Why else do people work? Satisfied people do their work because they feel that they are in charge. Their workday offers them a measure of autonomy and discretion. And they use that autonomy and discretion to achieve a level of mastery or expertise. They learn new things, developing both as workers and as people.
These people do their work because it’s an opportunity for social engagement. They do many of their tasks as part of teams, and even when they’re working alone, there are plenty of opportunities for social interaction during work’s quiet moments.
Finally, these people are satisfied with their work because they find what they do meaningful. Potentially, their work makes a difference to the world. It makes other people’s lives better. And it may even make other people’s lives better in ways that are significant.
Of course, few occupations have all these features, and none, I suspect, have all these features all the time. But features of work like these are what get us out of the house, get us to bring work home with us, encourage us to talk about our work with others, and make us reluctant to retire. We wouldn’t work if we didn’t get paid, but that’s not at the core of why we do what we do. And in general, we think that material rewards are a pretty bad reason for working. Indeed, when we say of someone that “he’s in it for the money,” we are not merely being descriptive; we’re passing judgment.
These diverse sources of satisfaction from work raise some very big questions. Why is it that for the overwhelming majority of people in the world, work has few or none of these attributes? Why is it that for most of us, work is monotonous, meaningless, and soul deadening? Why is it that as capitalism developed, it created a model for work in which opportunities for the nonmaterial satisfactions that might come from it—and inspire better work—were reduced or eliminated? Workers who do this kind of work—whether in factories, fast-food restaurants, order-fulfillment warehouses, or indeed, in law firms, classrooms, clinics, and offices—do it for pay. Try as they might to find meaning, challenge, and room for autonomy, their work situation defeats them. The way their work is structured means that there really is little reason to do these jobs except for pay.
According to a massive report published in 2013 by Gallup, the Washington, D.C.-based polling organization, there are twice as many “actively disengaged” workers in the world as there are “engaged” workers who like their jobs. Gallup has been measuring international employee satisfaction for almost two decades. In total it has polled 25 million employees in 189 different countries. The latest version gathered information from 230,000 full-time and part-time workers in 142 countries. Overall, Gallup found that only 13 percent of workers feel engaged by their jobs. These people feel a sense of passion for their work and they spend their days helping to move their organizations forward. The vast majority of us, some 63 percent, are not engaged. We are checked out, sleepwalking through our days, putting little energy into our work. And the rest of us are actively disengaged, actually hating our jobs. In other words, work is more often a source of frustration than one of fulfillment for nearly 90 percent of the world’s workers. Think of the social, emotional, and perhaps even economic waste that this statistic represents. Ninety percent of adults spend half their waking lives doing things they would rather not be doing at places they would rather not be.
The questions Gallup asks capture many of the reasons for work I just listed. The opportunity to do our work “right,” to do our best, to be encouraged to develop and learn, to feel appreciated by coworkers and supervisors, to feel that our opinions count, to feel that what we do is important, and to have good friends at work are all aspects of work that the survey taps. And for the overwhelming majority of people, work falls short—very short. The question is why? This book will offer an answer.
Most helpful customer reviews
53 of 63 people found the following review helpful.
If you want your work to be your means of self actualization, this is for you. If not, it isn't.
By Craig Matteson
I was looking forward to reading this book. As an entrepreneur, I am interested in work because I do a lot of it. I have worked in many jobs over the decades of my life. At 16, my first job was sweeping and mopping floors at Roeder’s Jewelry. I also helped customers create their own tropical fish aquariums and taught them how to care for the fish. I worked on a Ford assembly line at their Sheldon Road plant and later the Michigan Truck Plant. I have cleaned offices, worked behind the counter of jobs, have had many jobs involving computer networks including my own companies, and managing projects for others as free-lance talent. I have also worked for companies as a manger of hundreds of employees who reported to several managers who reported to me. I have some idea of why and how people work.
Barry Schwartz is a professor of psychology and I don’t know his work background other than psychology and academia, but I know this book was a labor of love and represents a great deal of sincerity and serious thinking over several decades. So, I want to be sympathetic to what he says. I really do. And I do think he is right to urge people to seek work that enriches their life, not just their bank account. He is also good to urge employers to do all they can to create humane and positive workplaces with jobs that enable people to function and grow as people and not just as meat based machinery.
But I think the author has a far too simple a view of the relationship people have to work. If, however, he faced the fact that the 7 billion lives on this planet each have an almost unique relationship to the role work has in their lives, his reductive formula and call to collective action in society to remake work into a self-actualization and self-worthy providing process would fail. And I think it does fail despite the author’s passionate and obviously caring intentions. I think that his book long attack on Adam Smith and the pin factory fails because no one in America or Europe, at least, is forced to take a job let alone any specific job. We cannot be compelled to work in a pin factory if we don’t want to do it. So, why would people do work they don’t like if they are not forced into it?
Schwartz also has some rather fuzzy and confused ideas. On page 67 he says a very strange thing. He somehow thinks that bad ideas (idea technology) are much worse for people than bad things (thing technology). His idea seems to be that bad “things” are quickly removed from markets (like cigarettes?). What about things that are perfectly good but can be misused and harm people? What about things that are tried like experimental drugs or surgeries that end up going wrong and killing folks? Automobiles, even when used properly, end up killing tens of thousands per year and maiming many times that. Yes, bad ideas can linger. But what does, for example, believing that transporters exist do to harm people? Or what does believing passionately in your school’s football team (or any sports team) do to harm people (unless overdone)? Lots of things harm people and we can say that those need to be looked at.
If you ask me why people work, and I use this as a rhetorical device because no one has, I would say it is a complex and personal process based on the simple concept of opportunity costs. Humans that find themselves in a state of nature must scramble to just survive. They have a full time job finding clean food, water, and some kind of shelter (unless they live in a very favorable climate). Jobs allow a more reliable alternative than hunting and gathering, don’t they? Farming is also an advance, but it requires one to “own” land and to be able to protect it and your crops and animals. In present society, most folks work as employees and work for wages. These are the jobs that the author is talking about. He places moral responsibility on anyone who would be an employer to create an environment that helps employees achieve something we used to faddishly call “self-actualization”. But need that always come through work? My father was a journeyman “asbestos worker” and did that because it paid well even though the work was hard. He had no stress when he came home most nights. And his life had meaning because he could provide for his family and serve and donate to his church and help care for others in that way. For many of us, work is a means to other ends we find much more important. Our job is not our goal in life.
I have yet to meet a child who says his or her goal in life is to grow up and work in a water treatment plant. Yet, we must have people do those jobs to keep our society functioning. As for what people say they prefer and what they do prefer (the economic principle of revealed preference), I remember Ford giving UAW members the opportunity to give up overtime and keep more of their union brothers employed or keep overtime and lay off workers. UAW members overwhelmingly voted to lay off their brothers and keep their overtime coming.
My assessment of this book is that if you are interested in this topic, it is a perfectly fine book. Especially if you love collective societal action. I don’t and have very different views on work and life than this author, so it wasn’t really a book for me.
Reviewed by Craig Matteson, Saline, MI
10 of 10 people found the following review helpful.
Reframing work, and finding satisfaction in the mundane
By Paul Mastin
Why do we work? Swarthmore College psychology professor Barry Schwartz explores that question in the TED book Why We Work. Mostly he wants to object to the notion that we work for material rewards alone. Put more precisely, he wants to change the fact that most people's primary motivation for work is material rewards.
I have frequently heard people say, "Find something you love, dedicate yourself to it, and don't worry about getting paid." Which is fine for some people, if they love something that actually pays. Love running? There are a few jobs out there, in retail, training, or publishing related to running. But people in those jobs are a tiny minority of people who love running. Love to sculpt? Good luck making money with that. Love playing video games? Dream on. So I was encouraged to see him acknowledge that "Ninety percent of adults spend have their waking lives doing things they would rather not be doing at places they would rather not be."
This does not have to be a bad thing, though. It's not the jobs themselves that have to change. The marketplace creates a demand for the jobs performed, after all, or those jobs wouldn't exist. He wants to change the way the jobs are structured. "Just how important material incentives are to people will depend on how the human workplace is structured. And if we structure it in keeping with the false idea that people work only for pay, we'll create workplaces that make this false idea true."
Management science and workplace habits have put us in a "deep hole" of "misconceptions about human motivation and human nature." Schwartz wants to "foster workplaces in which challenge, engagement, meaning, and satisfaction are possible." That sounds great to me! Schwartz's message will primarily be for those in management, but he also emphasizes the role of the individual worker. Hairdressers and janitors can also "have a hand in creating a human nature that is worth living up to." Schwartz has given food for thought for that 90%, challenging all of us to shift perceptions and "seek higher ground."
Thanks to Edelweiss and the publisher for the complimentary electronic review copy!
20 of 23 people found the following review helpful.
Good if you want fulfilling work for those you manage, and for yourself
By Bea Boccalandro
I recommend this book to anyone seeking to improve their management or to make their own career more fulfilling. It makes a critical correction to the widely accepted, and flawed, view of worker motivation. When trying to explain why the book was powerful to a friend, a fatty-foods analogy (really) generated an “aha!” from her. So I’ll use that explanation hoping it wasn’t the wine she was drinking that made my analogy work.
Remember partially hydrogenated oils? Several generations considered them a positive human invention. By the 1990’s, however, scientists had shown that their manufacturing produced trans fats that damaged our hearts and killed tens of thousands of people a year. The FDA finally banned them this year. A century after we started using them and two decades after we knew they were killing us, we finally rid ourselves of this poison.
Human progress is replete with damaging forays, like partially hydrogenated oils, that we eventually expose as such and, at the slow tempo of societal progress, reverse our way out of them.
Today we are deep into a destructive foray regarding our conception of worker motivation. We created an idea two centuries ago that people hate work and do it only for money and other extrinsic rewards. This human invention (which is what an idea is) is not a widespread food ingredient but a ubiquitous workplace element. It doesn’t cause heart attacks (directly, anyway), but it does cause heartache, disgruntlement, disengagement and low productivity. As a result, if your workplace is like most, four out of five of your workers would rather not be working today. The science is in: It’s not human nature to hate work and treating workers as if they do causes damage to them and to business.
It's unlikely my explanation of the key point of Why We Work has convinced you to rethink what you've been taught about worker motivation. The book, however, will.
My enthusiasm for this book is not based only on reading it, but also on living it. My job is to help corporate managers bring purpose into the jobs of the employees they manage. Every week I see, and measure, the boost in worker engagement, productivity and wellbeing that results from, essentially, heeding the advice in Why We Work.
My only issue with the book is that it never fully clears Adam Smith’s name. The father of economics never meant to say that people work out of self interest alone. The man we think sent us down the wrong path never pointed us down that path. Schwartz acknowledges this late in the book, but only in passing. I would have liked to see a fuller treatment of Smith’s work. This is probably my own side issue stemming from a geeky interest in economic thinkers. In fact, Schwartz’ restrained correction of Smith’s legacy is probably a good thing. It’s the quality that allowed him to keep his book to a 100-page fast and easy read, appropriate for busy managers.
If trans fats are any indication, it might take another 20 years for Schwartz’ well-documented theory on worker motivation, and where we went wrong, to become widely adopted. You don’t have to wait, however. Invest a couple of hours now reading Why We Work. It will help you pull out of a damaging foray you didn’t know you were down in. It will likely and brighten your work life.
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